Materials that make robots smart

TL;DR

This paper argues that integrating sensors, actuators, and computation directly into materials can fundamentally enhance robot intelligence, making construction more robust and simplifying control systems.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of robotic materials that actively participate in control, combining sensing, actuation, and computation within the material itself, a novel approach to robotics.

Findings

Robotic materials can embed sensing and actuation functions.

Such materials enable more robust and straightforward robot construction.

Open challenges include material integration and interdisciplinary collaboration.

Abstract

We posit that embodied artificial intelligence is not only a computational, but also a materials problem. While the importance of material and structural properties in the control loop are well understood, materials can take an active role during control by tight integration of sensors, actuators, computation and communication. We envision such materials to abstract functionality, therefore making the construction of intelligent robots more straightforward and robust. For example, robots could be made of bones that measure load, muscles that move, skin that provides the robot with information about the kind and location of tactile sensations ranging from pressure, to texture and damage, eyes that extract high-level information, and brain material that provides computation in a scalable manner. Such materials will not resemble any existing engineered materials, but rather the heterogeneous components out of which their natural counterparts are made. We describe the state-of-the-art in so-called "robotic materials", their opportunities for revolutionizing applications ranging from manipulation to autonomous driving, and open challenges the robotics community needs to address in collaboration with allies, such as wireless sensor network researchers and polymer scientists.