The acceleration of high-energy protons at coronal shocks: the effect of large-scale streamer-like magnetic field structures

TL;DR

This study models how coronal magnetic field structures, especially streamer-like configurations, enhance the acceleration of high-energy protons at solar shocks, influencing SEP event characteristics.

Contribution

It demonstrates that streamer-like magnetic fields significantly improve proton acceleration efficiency compared to simple radial fields, highlighting the importance of magnetic topology.

Findings

Particles can reach several hundred MeV within 2-3 solar radii.

Streamer-like magnetic fields enhance acceleration efficiency.

Magnetic configuration affects the spatial distribution of energetic particles.

Abstract

Recent observations have shown that coronal shocks driven by coronal mass ejections can develop and accelerate particles within several solar radii in large solar energetic particle (SEP) events. Motivated by this, we present an SEP acceleration study including the process that a fast shock propagates through a streamer-like magnetic field with both closed and open field lines in the low corona region. The acceleration of protons is modeled by numerically solving the Parker transport equation with spatial diffusion both along and across the magnetic field. We show that particles can be sufficiently accelerated to up to several hundred MeV within 2-3 solar radii. When the shock propagates through a streamer-like magnetic field, particles are more efficiently accelerated compared to the case with a simple radial magnetic field, mainly due to perpendicular shock geometry and the natural trapping effect of closed magnetic fields. Our results suggest that the coronal magnetic field configuration is an important factor for producing large SEP events. We further show that the coronal magnetic field configuration strongly influences the distribution of energetic particles, leading to different locations of source regions along the shock front where most of high energy particles are concentrated. This work may have strong implications to SEP observations. The upcoming Parker Solar Probe will provide in situ observations for the distribution of energetic particles in the coronal shock region, and test the results of the study.