Kinematics of the Interstellar Vagabond 1I/'Oumuamua (A/2017 U1)

TL;DR

This paper calculates the pre-encounter galactic velocity of interstellar object 1I/'Oumuamua, showing it has a typical stellar velocity and likely originated from a distant star system, not the nearest stars.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of 'Oumuamua's galactic velocity prior to solar system encounter, supporting its extrasolar origin from a distant star system.

Findings

'Oumuamua's velocity is unbound and typical of local stars.

It is not associated with any nearby exo-Oort clouds.

Its velocity suggests a distant extrasolar origin.

Abstract

The initial Galactic velocity vector for the recently discovered hyperbolic asteroid 1I/'Oumuamua (A/2017 U1) is calculated for before its encounter with our solar system. The latest orbit (JPL-13) shows that 'Oumuamua has eccentricity > 1 at 944\sigma\, significance (1.19936 +- 0.00021), i.e. clearly unbound. Assuming no non-gravitational forces, the object's inbound Galactic velocity was U, V, W = -11.457, -22.395, -7.746 (+-0.009, +-0.009, +-0.011) km/s (U towards Galactic center), with total heliocentric speed 26.32 +- 0.01 km/s. When the velocity is compared to the local stars, 'Oumuamua can be ruled out as co-moving with any of the dozen nearest systems, i.e. it does not appear to be associated with any local exo-Oort clouds (most notably that of the Alpha Centauri triple system). 'Oumuamua's velocity is within 5 km/s of the median Galactic velocity of the stars in the solar neighborhood (<25 pc), and within 2 km/s of the mean velocity of the local M dwarfs. Its velocity appears to be statistically "too" typical for a body whose velocity was drawn from the Galactic velocity distribution of the local stars (i.e. less than 1 in 500 field stars in the solar neighborhood would have a velocity so close to the median UVW velocity). In the Local Standard of Rest frame (circular Galactic motion), 'Oumuamua is remarkable for showing both negligible radial (U) and vertical (W) motion, while having a slightly sub-Keplerian circular velocity (V; by ~11 km/s). These calculations strengthen the interpretation that A/2017 U1 has a distant extrasolar origin, but not among the very nearest stars. Any formation mechanism for this interstellar asteroid should account for the coincidence of 'Oumuamua's velocity being so close to the LSR.