High-dimensional brain. A tool for encoding and rapid learning of memories by single neurons

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that single neurons operating in high-dimensional spaces can selectively detect, learn, and differentiate complex memories, providing a new understanding of neural information processing and memory organization.

Contribution

It introduces a theoretical framework showing how high-dimensional neuronal inputs enable single neurons to perform complex memory functions without specific structural assumptions.

Findings

Single neurons can detect and learn arbitrary information in high dimensions.

Neurons can separate multiple uncorrelated stimuli simultaneously.

Neurons can dynamically learn new items by association.

Abstract

Codifying memories is one of the fundamental problems of modern Neuroscience. The functional mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain largely unknown. Experimental evidence suggests that some of the memory functions are performed by stratified brain structures such as, e.g., the hippocampus. In this particular case, single neurons in the CA1 region receive a highly multidimensional input from the CA3 area, which is a hub for information processing. We thus assess the implication of the abundance of neuronal signalling routes converging onto single cells on the information processing. We show that single neurons can selectively detect and learn arbitrary information items, given that they operate in high dimensions. The argument is based on Stochastic Separation Theorems and the concentration of measure phenomena. We demonstrate that a simple enough functional neuronal model is capable of explaining: i) the extreme selectivity of single neurons to the information content, ii) simultaneous separation of several uncorrelated stimuli or informational items from a large set, and iii) dynamic learning of new items by associating them with already "known" ones. These results constitute a basis for organization of complex memories in ensembles of single neurons. Moreover, they show that no a priori assumptions on the structural organization of neuronal ensembles are necessary for explaining basic concepts of static and dynamic memories.