(Non-)thermal production of WIMPs during kination

TL;DR

This paper investigates how WIMP dark matter could have been produced during a kination-dominated early universe, constraining particle properties and cosmological parameters to match observed dark matter abundance.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed analysis of WIMP production mechanisms during kination, linking particle physics properties with early universe cosmology beyond standard models.

Findings

WIMP annihilation cross section must be between 4×10⁻¹⁶ and 2×10⁻⁵ GeV⁻².

Constraints on kination end temperature from BBN limit the parameter space.

WIMP properties can reveal information about the pre-BBN universe.

Abstract

Understanding the nature of the Dark Matter (DM) is one of the current challenges in modern astrophysics and cosmology. Knowing the properties of the DM particle would shed light on physics beyond the Standard Model and even provide us with details of the early Universe. In fact, the detection of such a relic would bring us information from the pre-Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) period, an epoch from which we have no data, and could even hint at inflationary physics. In this work, we assume that the expansion rate of the Universe after inflationary is governed by the kinetic energy of a scalar field $\phi$, in the so-called "kination" model. We assume that the $\phi$ field decays into both radiation and DM particles, which we take to be Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs). The present abundance of WIMPs is then fixed during the kination period through either a thermal "freeze-out" or "freeze-in" mechanism, or through a non-thermal process governed by the decay of $\phi$. We explore the parameter space of this theory with the requirement that the present WIMP abundance provides the correct DM relic budget. Requiring that BBN occurs during the standard cosmological scenario sets a limit on the temperature at which the kination period ends. Using this limit and assuming the WIMP has a mass $m_\chi = 100\,$GeV, we obtain that the thermally-averaged WIMP annihilation cross section has to satisfy the constraints $4 \times 10^{-16}{\rm \,GeV^{-2}} \lesssim \langle\sigma v\rangle \lesssim 2\times 10^{-5} {\rm \,GeV^{-2}}$ in order for having at least one of the production mechanism to yield the observed amount of DM. This result shows how the properties of the WIMP particle, if ever measured, can yield information on the pre-BBN content of the Universe.