On one-parametric formula relating the frequencies of twin-peak quasi-periodic oscillations

TL;DR

This paper introduces a simple one-parameter formula that accurately models the frequencies of twin-peak QPOs in neutron star systems, supporting their orbital origin hypothesis.

Contribution

It presents a novel, simple analytic relation that fits QPO frequency correlations across multiple sources with minimal parameters.

Findings

The relation reproduces individual source correlations.

Adding a second parameter fits a larger group of sources.

Supports orbital motion as the origin of QPOs.

Abstract

Twin-peak quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) are observed in several low-mass X-ray binary systems containing neutron stars (NSs). Timing analysis of X-ray fluxes of more than dozen of such systems reveals remarkable correlations between the frequencies of two characteristic peaks present in the power density spectra. The individual correlations clearly differ, but they roughly follow a common individual pattern. High values of measured QPO frequencies and strong modulation of the X-ray flux both suggest that the observed correlations are connected to orbital motion in the innermost part of an accretion disc. Several attempts to model these correlations with simple geodesic orbital models or phenomenological relations have failed in the past. We find and explore a surprisingly simple analytic relation that reproduces individual correlations for a group of several sources through a single parameter. When an additional free parameter is considered within our relation, it well reproduces the data of a large group of 14 sources. The very existence and form of this simple relation supports the hypothesis of the orbital origin of QPOs and provides the key for further development of QPO models. We discuss a possible physical interpretation of our relation's parameters and their links to concrete QPO models.