Generalized Josephson relation for conserved charges in multi-component bosons

TL;DR

This paper generalizes the Josephson relation for conserved charges in multi-component bosonic systems, deriving a superfluid density formula and exploring gapless excitations and their dispersion relations.

Contribution

It introduces a generalized Josephson relation for multi-component bosons, including tensor superfluid density and explicit formulas for various conserved charge configurations.

Findings

Superfluid density becomes a second order tensor in internal spin space.

Existence of two gapless phonons in two-component bosons with quantum field theory.

Gapless quadratic dispersion excitation in $U(2)$ invariant interactions regardless of interaction strength.

Abstract

The Josephson relation is generalized for conserved charges in multi-component bosons. With linear response theory, a formula for derivation of generalized superfluid density is given. When there are several conserved charges, the superfluid density is generally a second order tensor in internal spin space. When the rank of Green's function matrix is one, Josephson relation is given explicitly with phase operator method. For two-component bosons, with quantum field theory, we show a generalized Hugenholtz-Pines relation hold and existence of two gapless phonons. When the interactions are $U(2)$ invariant, we show there is a gapless quadratic dispersion excitation no matter how strong the interactions are. The corresponding generalized Josephson relation is expressed with Green's function matrix elements.