Saturation of the Quantum Null Energy Condition in Far-From-Equilibrium Systems

TL;DR

This paper computes the Quantum Null Energy Condition (QNEC) in strongly coupled quantum field theories using holography, revealing conditions under which QNEC is satisfied or saturated in various far-from-equilibrium states.

Contribution

It provides the first explicit holographic computations of QNEC in non-equilibrium systems, including colliding systems that can saturate the condition.

Findings

QNEC is weaker than NEC in vacuum and thermal states.

QNEC is satisfied with a finite gap in a homogeneous quench.

Colliding systems can saturate QNEC depending on the null direction.

Abstract

The Quantum Null Energy Condition (QNEC) is a new local energy condition that a general Quantum Field Theory (QFT) is believed to satisfy, relating the classical null energy condition (NEC) to the second functional derivative of the entanglement entropy in the corresponding null direction. We present the first series of explicit computations of QNEC in a strongly coupled QFT, using holography. We consider the vacuum, thermal equilibrium, a homogeneous far-from-equilibrium quench as well as a colliding system that violates NEC. For vacuum and the thermal phase QNEC is always weaker than NEC. While for the homogeneous quench QNEC is satisfied with a finite gap, we find the interesting result that the colliding system can saturate QNEC, depending on the null direction.