Circularizing Planet Nine through dynamical friction with an extended, cold planetesimal belt

TL;DR

This study investigates whether a scattered planet can be circularized into a Planet Nine-like orbit through dynamical friction with a distant, cold planetesimal belt, providing a potential formation pathway for Planet Nine.

Contribution

It demonstrates through numerical simulations that a scattered planet can attain a Planet Nine-like orbit via dynamical friction with an extended planetesimal belt, with implications for the planet's observability.

Findings

20-30% chance of orbit circularization after 4.6 Gyr

Strong clustering of planetesimals if belt inner edge is at 200au

Orbit similar to Planet Nine can be achieved through this mechanism

Abstract

Unexpected clustering in the orbital elements of minor bodies beyond the Kuiper belt has led to speculations that our solar system actually hosts nine planets, the eight established plus a hypothetical "Planet Nine". Several recent studies have shown that a planet with a mass of about 10 Earth masses on a distant eccentric orbit with perihelion far beyond the Kuiper belt could create and maintain this clustering. The evolutionary path resulting in an orbit such as the one suggested for Planet Nine is nevertheless not easily explained. Here we investigate whether a planet scattered away from the giant-planet region could be lifted to an orbit similar to the one suggested for Planet Nine through dynamical friction with a cold, distant planetesimal belt. Recent simulations of planetesimal formation via the streaming instability suggest that planetesimals can readily form beyond 100au. We explore this circularisation by dynamical friction with a set of numerical simulations. We find that a planet that is scattered from the region close to Neptune onto an eccentric orbit has a 20-30% chance of obtaining an orbit similar to that of Planet Nine after 4.6Gyr. Our simulations also result in strong or partial clustering of the planetesimals; however, whether or not this clustering is observable depends on the location of the inner edge of the planetesimal belt. If the inner edge is located at 200au the degree of clustering amongst observable objects is significant.