Multiple large-time behavior of nonlocal interaction equations with quadratic diffusion

TL;DR

This paper investigates the long-term behavior of solutions to a one-dimensional nonlocal interaction equation with quadratic diffusion, showing conditions for convergence to steady states or decay to zero, supported by analytical and numerical results.

Contribution

It demonstrates the existence of multiple large-time behaviors depending on initial conditions and parameters, including convergence to steady states or decay, extending previous results.

Findings

Solutions can converge to steady states if initial conditions are close and concentrated.

Solutions decay to zero in the diffusion-dominated regime where ε ≥ ||G||₁.

Numerical simulations support the stability and decay conjectures.

Abstract

In this paper we consider a one-dimensional nonlocal interaction equation with quadratic porous-medium type diffusion in which the interaction kernels are attractive, nonnegative, and integrable on the real line. Earlier results in the literature have shown existence of nontrivial steady states if the $L^1$ norm of the kernel $G$ is larger than the diffusion constant $\varepsilon$. In this paper we aim at showing that this equation exhibits a "multiple" behavior, in that solutions can either converge to the nontrivial steady states or decay to zero for large times. We prove the former situation holds in case the initial conditions are concentrated enough and "close" to the steady state in the $\infty$-Wasserstein distance. Moreover, we prove that solutions decay to zero for large times in the diffusion-dominated regime $\varepsilon\geq \|G\|_{L^1}$. Finally, we show two partial results suggesting that the large-time decay also holds in the complementary regime $\varepsilon< \|G\|_{L^1}$ for initial data with large enough second moment. We use numerical simulations both to validate our local asymptotic stability result and to support our conjecture on the large time decay.