On the Computational Complexity of the Bipartizing Matching Problem

TL;DR

This paper investigates the computational complexity of the bipartizing matching problem, establishing NP-completeness in certain graph classes while providing polynomial algorithms for others, and exploring fixed parameter tractability and kernelization.

Contribution

It offers a comprehensive complexity dichotomy, polynomial algorithms for specific graph classes, and fixed parameter tractability results for the bipartizing matching problem.

Findings

NP-complete for 3-colorable planar graphs of max degree 4

Polynomial-time algorithms for graphs with triangles, small dominating sets, and P5-free graphs

Fixed parameter tractability with respect to clique-width

Abstract

We study the problem of determining whether a given graph~$G=(V,E)$ admits a matching~$M$ whose removal destroys all odd cycles of~$G$ (or equivalently whether~$G-M$ is bipartite). This problem is equivalent to determine whether~$G$ admits a~$(2,1)$-coloring, which is a~$2$-coloring of~$V(G)$ such that each color class induces a graph of maximum degree at most~$1$. We determine a dichotomy related to the~{\sf NP}-completeness of this problem, where we show that it is~{\sf NP}-complete even for $3$-colorable planar graphs of maximum degree~$4$, while it is known that the problem can be solved in polynomial time for graphs of maximum degree at most~$3$. In addition we present polynomial-time algorithms for some graph classes, including graphs in which every odd cycle is a triangle, graphs of small dominating sets, and~$P_5$-free graphs. Additionally, we show that the problem is fixed parameter tractable when parameterized by the clique-width, which implies polynomial-time solution for many interesting graph classes, such as distance-hereditary, outerplanar, and chordal graphs. Finally, an~$O\left(2^{O\left(vc(G)\right)} \cdot n\right)$-time algorithm and a kernel of at most~$2\cdot nd(G)$ vertices are presented, where~$vc(G)$ and~$nd(G)$ are the vertex cover number and the neighborhood diversity of~$G$, respectively.