M Dwarf rotation from the ${\it K2}$ young clusters to the field. I. A Mass-Rotation Correlation at 10 Myr

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that the mass-rotation correlation observed in older clusters like the Pleiades is already present at 10 Myr in the Upper Scorpius association, highlighting early stellar processes' role in shaping rotation.

Contribution

It provides evidence that early pre-main sequence processes establish the mass-rotation correlation in M dwarfs, influencing their rotational evolution up to 125 Myr.

Findings

Mass-rotation correlation exists at 10 Myr in Upper Scorpius.

Pleiades rotation distribution can be traced back to early correlations.

M stars lose 25-40% of angular momentum between 10 and 125 Myr.

Abstract

Recent observations of the low-mass rotation distributions of the Pleiades and Praesepe clusters have revealed a ubiquitous correlation between mass and rotation, such that late M dwarfs rotate an order-of-magnitude faster than early M dwarfs. In this paper, we demonstrate that this mass-rotation correlation is present in the 10 Myr Upper Scorpius association, as revealed by new ${\it K2}$ rotation measurements. Using rotational evolution models we show that the low-mass ($0.1-0.6 M_{\odot}$) rotation distribution of the 125 Myr Pleiades cluster can only be produced if it hosted an equally strong mass-rotation correlation at 10 Myr. This suggests that physical processes important in the early pre-main sequence (star formation, accretion, disk-locking) are primarily responsible for the M dwarf rotation morphology, and not quirks of later angular momentum evolution. Such early mass trends must be taken into account when constructing initial conditions for future studies of stellar rotation. Finally, we show that the average M star loses $\sim 25-40$% of its angular momentum between 10 and 125 Myr, a figure accurately and generically predicted by modern solar-calibrated wind models. Their success rules out a lossless pre-main sequence, and validates the extrapolation of magnetic wind laws designed for solar-type stars to the low-mass regime at early times.