Planar Multi-link Swimmers: Experiments and Theoretical Investigation Using "Perfect Fluid" Model

TL;DR

This paper investigates planar multi-link robotic swimmers using a perfect fluid model, deriving their dynamics, optimizing gaits through numerical and analytical methods, and validating results with experiments on prototypes.

Contribution

It introduces a theoretical framework for multi-link swimmers with perfect fluid assumptions and provides experimental validation of the model's predictions.

Findings

Optimal gaits identified for 3-link and 5-link swimmers.

Closed-form approximations for small-amplitude gaits in 3-link swimmer.

Experimental results show reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions.

Abstract

Robotic swimmers are currently a subject of extensive research and development for several underwater applications. Clever design and planning must rely on simple theoretical models that account for the swimmer's hydrodynamics in order to optimize its structure and control inputs. In this work, we study a planar snake-like multi-link swimmer by using the `perfect fluid' model that accounts for inertial hydrodynamic forces while neglecting viscous drag effects. The swimmer's dynamic equations of motion are formulated and reduced into a first-order system due to symmetries and conservation of generalized momentum variables. Focusing on oscillatory inputs of joint angles, we study optimal gaits for 3-link and 5-link swimmers via numerical integration. For the 3-link swimmer, we also provide a small-amplitude asymptotic solution which enables obtaining closed-form approximations for optimal gaits. The theoretical results are then corroborated by experiments and motion measurement of untethered robotic prototypes with 3 and 5 links floating in a water pool, showing a reasonable agreement between experiments and the theoretical model.