Probing and characterizing the growth of a crystal of ultracold bosons and light

TL;DR

This paper investigates real-time signatures of crystal growth in ultracold bosons and light, proposing methods to distinguish crystalline phases from collective scattering, with potential for reversible phase control.

Contribution

It introduces numerical studies on observable signatures of crystal growth in ultracold gases, emphasizing real-time monitoring via scattered light and momentum distribution analysis.

Findings

Both light scattering and momentum distribution reveal crystal formation.

Spatial locking of standing waves indicates crystallization.

Reversible adiabatic ramping into the crystalline phase is feasible.

Abstract

The non-linear coupled particle light dynamics of an ultracold gas in the field of two independent counter-propagating laser beams can lead to the dynamical formation of a self-ordered lattice structure as presented in Phys. Rev. X 6, 021026 (2016). Here we present new numerical studies on experimentally observable signatures to monitor the growth and properties of such a crystal in real time. While, at least theoretically, optimal non-destructive observation of the growth dynamics and the hallmarks of the crystalline phase can be performed by analyzing the scattered light, monitoring the evolution of the particle's momentum distribution via time-of-flight probing is an experimentally more accessible choice. In this work we show that both approaches allow to unambiguously distinguish the crystal from independent collective scattering as it occurs in matter wave super-radiance. As a clear crystallization signature we identify spatial locking between the two emerging standing laser waves together creating the crystal potential. For sufficiently large systems the system allows reversible adiabatic ramping into the crystalline phase as an alternative to a quench across the phase transition and growth from fluctuations.