Counting the electrons in a multiphoton ionization by elastic scattering of microwaves

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel method for directly measuring the number of electrons produced in multiphoton ionization using microwave scattering, enabling precise determination of ionization rates and cross-sections.

Contribution

It presents the first direct measurement technique for plasma electron numbers in MPI, providing accurate physical constants for oxygen molecules at 800 nm.

Findings

Measured ionization cross-section of oxygen at 8-photon MPI: (3.32±0.3)×10^{-130} W^{-8}m^{16}s^{-1}

Established a general microwave scattering method for absolute plasma electron measurement

Resolved uncertainties in MPI cross-section values in the literature

Abstract

Laser induced plasmas have found numerous applications including plasma-assisted combustion, combustion diagnostics, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, light detection and ranging techniques (LIDAR), microwave guiding, reconfigurable plasma antennae etc. Multiphoton ionization (MPI) is a fundamental first step in high-energy laser-matter interaction and is important for understanding of the mechanism of plasma formation. With the discovery of MPI more than 50 years ago, there were numerous attempts to determine basic physical constants of this process in the direct experiments, namely photoionization rates and cross-sections of the MPI, however, no reliable data is available until today and spread in the literature values often reaches 2-3 orders of magnitude. This is due to inability to conduct absolute measurements of plasma electron numbers generated by MPI which leads to uncertainties and, sometimes, contradictions between the MPI cross-section values utilized by different researchers across the field. Here we report first direct measurement of absolute plasma electron numbers generated at MPI of air and subsequently we precisely determine ionization rate and cross-section of eight-photon ionization of oxygen molecule by 800 nm photons ${\sigma}_8=(3.32{\pm}0.3)*10^{-130} W^{-8}m^{16}s^{-1}$. Method is based on the absolute measurement of electron number created by MPI using elastic scattering of microwaves off the plasma volume in Rayleigh regime and establishes a general approach to directly measure and tabulate basic constants of the MPI process for various gases and photon energies.