Generalized time evolution of the homogeneous cooling state of a granular gas with positive and negative coefficient of normal restitution

TL;DR

This paper investigates the long-time behavior and distribution functions of a granular gas in the homogeneous cooling state, extending the model to include negative coefficients of restitution and revealing new multimodal and algebraic tail behaviors.

Contribution

It introduces a generalized scaling solution for the HCS distribution function that accounts for negative restitution coefficients and describes the transition from Gaussian to multimodal distributions.

Findings

For b1a -0.75, the distribution remains close to Gaussian.

For b1a -0.75, the distribution becomes multimodal with algebraic tails.

A new parameter b2 captures the departure from the long-time limit, describing the HCS evolution.

Abstract

The homogeneous cooling state (HCS) of a granular gas described by the inelastic Boltzmann equation is reconsidered. As usual, particles are taken as inelastic hard disks or spheres, but now the coefficient of normal restitution $\alpha$ is allowed to take negative values $\alpha\in[-1,1]$, a simple way of modeling more complicated inelastic interactions. The distribution function of the HCS is studied at the long-time limit, as well as for intermediate times. At the long-time limit, the relevant information of the HCS is given by a scaling distribution function $\phi_s(c)$, where the time dependence occurs through a dimensionless velocity $c$. For $\alpha\gtrsim -0.75$, $\phi_s$ remains close to the gaussian distribution in the thermal region, its cumulants and exponential tails being well described by the first Sonine approximation. On the contrary, for $\alpha\lesssim -0.75$, the distribution function becomes multimodal, its maxima located at $c\ne 0$, and its observable tails algebraic. The latter is a consequence of an unbalanced relaxation-dissipation competition, and is analytically demonstrated for $\alpha\simeq -1$ thanks to a reduction of the Boltzmann equation to a Fokker-Planck-like equation. Finally, a generalized scaling solution to the Boltzmann equation is also found $\phi(c,\beta)$. Apart from the time dependence occurring through the dimensionless velocity, $\phi(c,\beta)$ depends on time through a new parameter $\beta$ measuring the departure of the HCS from its long-time limit. It is shown that $\phi(c,\beta)$ describes the time evolution of the HCS for almost all times. The relevance of the new scaling is also discussed.