The SED Machine: a robotic spectrograph for fast transient classification

TL;DR

The SED Machine is a robotic spectrograph designed for rapid classification of astronomical transients, addressing the current bottleneck in follow-up observations and enabling faster scientific discoveries.

Contribution

This paper introduces the design, operation, and initial results of the SEDM, a spectrograph optimized for spectral classification on a 60-inch telescope.

Findings

Proved effective in classifying transients during iPTF

Demonstrated high observing efficiency with the SEDM

Shows potential to alleviate follow-up bottlenecks in transient astronomy

Abstract

Current time domain facilities are finding several hundreds of transient astronomical events a year. The discovery rate is expected to increase in the future as soon as new surveys such as the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) and the Large Synoptic Sky Survey (LSST) come on line. At the present time, the rate at which transients are classified is approximately one order or magnitude lower than the discovery rate, leading to an increasing "follow-up drought". Existing telescopes with moderate aperture can help address this deficit when equipped with spectrographs optimized for spectral classification. Here, we provide an overview of the design, operations and first results of the Spectral Energy Distribution Machine (SEDM), operating on the Palomar 60-inch telescope (P60). The instrument is optimized for classification and high observing efficiency. It combines a low-resolution (R$\sim$100) integral field unit (IFU) spectrograph with "Rainbow Camera" (RC), a multi-band field acquisition camera which also serves as multi-band (ugri) photometer. The SEDM was commissioned during the operation of the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF) and has already proved lived up to its promise. The success of the SEDM demonstrates the value of spectrographs optimized to spectral classification. Introduction of similar spectrographs on existing telescopes will help alleviate the follow-up drought and thereby accelerate the rate of discoveries.