The KPP boundary layer scheme: revisiting its formulation and benchmarking one-dimensional ocean simulations relative to LES

TL;DR

This study evaluates and benchmarks the K-profile parameterization (KPP) for ocean boundary layers against LES simulations, proposing improvements and highlighting areas for further research to enhance ocean modeling accuracy.

Contribution

The paper revisits KPP formulation, compares it with LES across regimes, and proposes modifications to improve its fidelity and applicability in ocean models.

Findings

KPP is consistent with LES in many regimes.

Modifications reduce resolution dependence of KPP parameters.

Non-local fluxes can exist without surface tracer flux.

Abstract

We evaluate the Community ocean Vertical Mixing (CVMix) project version of the K-profile parameterization (KPP). For this purpose, one-dimensional KPP simulations are compared across a suite of oceanographically relevant regimes against large eddy simulations (LES). The LES is forced with horizontally uniform boundary fluxes and has horizontally uniform initial conditions, allowing its horizontal average to be compared to one-dimensional KPP tests. We find the standard configuration of KPP consistent with LES across many forcing regimes, supporting the physical basis of KPP. Our evaluation motivates recommendations for "best practices" for using KPP within ocean circulation models, and identifies areas where further research is warranted. Further, our test suite can be used as a baseline for evaluation of a broad suite of boundary layer models. The original treatment of KPP recommends the matching of interior diffusivities and their gradients to the KPP predicted values computed in the ocean surface boundary layer (OSBL). However, we find that difficulties in representing derivatives of rapidly changing diffusivities near the base of the OSBL can lead to loss of simulation fidelity. We propose two alternative approaches. We find the KPP entrainment buoyancy flux to be sensitive to vertical grid resolution and details of how to diagnose the KPP boundary layer depth. We modify the KPP turbulent shear velocity parameterization to reduce resolution dependence. Additionally, our results show that the KPP parameterized non-local tracer flux is incomplete due to the assumption that it solely redistributes the surface tracer flux. However, examination of the LES vertical turbulent scalar flux budgets show that non-local fluxes can exist in the absence of surface tracer fluxes. This result motivates further studies of the non-local flux parameterization.