On the super-orbital modulation of supergiant high mass X-ray binaries

TL;DR

This paper proposes that super-orbital X-ray modulations in supergiant high mass X-ray binaries are caused by corotating interaction regions in stellar winds, supported by hydrodynamic models and observational comparisons.

Contribution

It introduces a model linking CIRs in stellar winds to X-ray modulation, validated by simulations matching observed data in specific binaries.

Findings

Synthetic X-ray light curves show modulation due to CIRs.

Model parameters influence the period and amplitude of modulations.

Simulated modulations align with observations of IGRJ16493-4348.

Abstract

The long-term X-ray lightcurves of classical supergiant X-ray binaries and supergiant fast X-ray transients show relatively similar super-orbital modulations, which are still lacking a sound interpretation. We propose that these modulations are related to the presence of corotating interaction regions (CIRs) known to thread the winds of OB supergiants. To test this hypothesis, we couple the outcomes of 3-D hydrodynamic models for the formation of CIRs in stellar winds with a simplified recipe for the accretion onto a neutron star. The results show that the synthetic X-ray light curves are indeed modulated by the presence of the CIRs. The exact period and amplitude of these modulations depend on a number of parameters governing the hydrodynamic wind models and on the binary orbital configuration. To compare our model predictions with the observations, we apply the 3-D wind structure previously shown to well explain the appearance of discrete absorption components in the UV time series of a prototypical B0.5I-type supergiant. Using the orbital parameters of IGRJ16493-4348 which has the same B0.5I donor spectral type, the period and modulations in the simulated X-ray light-curve are similar to the observed ones, thus providing support to our scenario. We propose, that the presence of CIRs in donor star winds should be considered in future theoretical and simulation efforts of wind-fed X-ray binaries.