The Capacity of Private Information Retrieval with Partially Known Private Side Information

TL;DR

This paper determines the capacity of private information retrieval with partially known private side information, showing that prefetching from databases does not reduce retrieval efficiency, matching the capacity of external side information scenarios.

Contribution

The paper characterizes the capacity of PIR with partially known private side information, revealing no loss compared to external side information, and introduces a new model for privacy-preserving prefetching.

Findings

Capacity is rac{1-rac{1}{N}}{1-(rac{1}{N})^{K-M}}

Prefetching from databases does not reduce PIR capacity

No loss in using same databases for prefetching and retrieval

Abstract

We consider the problem of private information retrieval (PIR) of a single message out of $K$ messages from $N$ replicated and non-colluding databases where a cache-enabled user (retriever) of cache-size $M$ possesses side information in the form of full messages that are partially known to the databases. In this model, the user and the databases engage in a two-phase scheme, namely, the prefetching phase where the user acquires side information and the retrieval phase where the user downloads desired information. In the prefetching phase, the user receives $m_n$ full messages from the $n$th database, under the cache memory size constraint $\sum_{n=1}^N m_n \leq M$. In the retrieval phase, the user wishes to retrieve a message such that no individual database learns anything about the identity of the desired message. In addition, the identities of the side information messages that the user did not prefetch from a database must remain private against that database. Since the side information provided by each database in the prefetching phase is known by the providing database and the side information must be kept private against the remaining databases, we coin this model as \textit{partially known private side information}. We characterize the capacity of the PIR with partially known private side information to be $C=\left(1+\frac{1}{N}+\cdots+\frac{1}{N^{K-M-1}}\right)^{-1}=\frac{1-\frac{1}{N}}{1-(\frac{1}{N})^{K-M}}$. Interestingly, this result is the same if none of the databases knows any of the prefetched side information, i.e., when the side information is obtained externally, a problem posed by Kadhe et al. and settled by Chen-Wang-Jafar recently. Thus, our result implies that there is no loss in using the same databases for both prefetching and retrieval phases.