Low-lying energy levels of a one-dimensional weakly interacting Bose gas under zero boundary conditions

TL;DR

This paper analyzes the low-lying energy levels of a one-dimensional weakly interacting Bose gas with zero boundary conditions, showing that solutions align with Bogoliubov theory under weak coupling and low temperature, and exploring condensate properties.

Contribution

It provides a diagonalization of the Hamiltonian for a 1D Bose gas with zero boundary conditions, extending Bogoliubov theory to finite systems and nonpoint interactions.

Findings

Ground-state energy matches Bogoliubov solutions for periodic systems.

Single-particle density matrix differs at finite temperature.

Condensate wave function is nearly constant inside the system.

Abstract

We diagonalize the second-quantized Hamiltonian of a one-dimensional Bose gas with a nonpoint repulsive interatomic potential and zero boundary conditions. At weak coupling the solutions for the ground-state energy $E_{0}$ and the dispersion law $E(k)$ coincide with the Bogoliubov solutions for a periodic system. In this case, the single-particle density matrix $F_{1}(x,x^{\prime})$ at $T=0$ is close to the solution for a periodic system and, at $T>0$, is significantly different from it. We also obtain that the wave function $\langle \hat{\psi}(x,t) \rangle$ of the effective condensate is close to a constant $\sqrt{N_{0}/L}$ inside the system and vanishes on the boundaries (here, $N_{0}$ is the number of atoms in the effective condensate, and $L$ is the size of the system). We find the criterion of applicability of the method, according to which the method works for a finite system at very low temperature and with a weak coupling (a weak interaction or a large concentration).