Low temperature electroweak phase transition in the Standard Model with hidden scale invariance

TL;DR

This paper explores a cosmological electroweak phase transition in a scale-invariant Standard Model with a light dilaton, revealing unique transition dynamics, gravitational wave signals, and primordial black hole production.

Contribution

It introduces a minimal scale-invariant Standard Model with a light dilaton, showing how the electroweak transition is triggered by QCD chiral symmetry breaking and predicts observable cosmological signatures.

Findings

Electroweak phase transition occurs via QCD chiral symmetry breaking at low temperatures.

The transition produces a stochastic gravitational wave background peaking at ~10^{-8} Hz.

Primordial black holes of solar mass scale are generated during the transition.

Abstract

We discuss a cosmological phase transition within the Standard Model which incorporates spontaneously broken scale invariance as a low-energy theory. In addition to the Standard Model fields, the minimal model involves a light dilaton, which acquires a large vacuum expectation value (VEV) through the mechanism of dimensional transmutation. Under the assumption of the cancellation of the vacuum energy, the dilaton develops a very small mass at 2-loop order. As a result, a flat direction is present in the classical dilaton-Higgs potential at zero temperature while the quantum potential admits two (almost) degenerate local minima with unbroken and broken eletroweak symmetry. We found that the cosmological electroweak phase transition in this model can only be triggered by a QCD chiral symmetry breaking phase transition at low temperatures, $T\lesssim 132$ MeV. Furthermore, unlike the standard case, the universe settles into the chiral symmetry breaking vacuum via a first-order phase transition which gives rise to a stochastic gravitational background with a peak frequency $\sim 10^{-8}$ Hz as well as triggers the production of approximately solar mass primordial black holes. The observation of these signatures of cosmological phase transitions together with the detection of a light dilaton would provide a strong hint of the fundamental role of scale invariance in particle physics.