No Sun-like dynamo on the active star $\zeta$ Andromedae from starspot asymmetry

TL;DR

This study uses infrared interferometry to image starspots on $$ Andromedae, revealing persistent polar spots and asymmetrical active latitudes, challenging the solar-type dynamo model for active stars.

Contribution

First direct interferometric imaging of starspots on $$ Andromedae showing persistent polar spots and asymmetrical spot distribution, questioning the applicability of solar dynamo models.

Findings

Persistent polar spots observed in two epochs.

Global starspot asymmetries inconsistent with solar-type dynamos.

Absence of north-south symmetry in starspot distribution.

Abstract

Sunspots are cool areas caused by strong surface magnetic fields inhibiting convection. Moreover, strong magnetic fields can alter the average atmospheric structure, degrading our ability to measure stellar masses and ages. Stars more active than the Sun have more and stronger dark spots than in the solar case, including on the rotational pole itself. Doppler imaging, which has so far produced the most detailed images of surface structures on other stars than the Sun, cannot always distinguish the hemisphere in which the starspots are located, especially in the equatorial region and if the data quality is not optimal. This leads to problems in investigating the north-south distribution of starspot active latitudes (those latitudes with more spot activity), which are crucial constraints of dynamo theory. Polar spots, inferred only from Doppler tomography, could plausibly be observational artifacts, casting some doubt on their very existence. Here we report imaging of the old, magnetically-active star $\zeta$ Andromedae using long-baseline infrared interferometry. In our data, a dark polar spot is seen in each of two epochs, while lower-latitude spot structures in both hemispheres do not persist between observations revealing global starspot asymmetries. The north-south symmetry of active latitudes observed on the Sun is absent on $\zeta$ And, which hosts global spot patterns that cannot be produced by solar-type dynamos.