Multitwist M\"obius Strips and Twisted Ribbons in the Polarization of Paraxial Light Beams

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates the formation of complex 3D polarization structures, such as M"obius strips and twisted ribbons, in superpositions of paraxial light beams with optical vortices, revealing new polarization phenomena at macroscopic scales.

Contribution

It provides the first experimental confirmation of many-turn M"obius strips and twisted ribbons in polarization patterns from superposed paraxial beams with vortices, expanding understanding of light polarization structures.

Findings

Confirmed formation of M"obius strips and twisted ribbons in polarization

Patterns depend on the topological charge of the vortex

Macroscopic observation of complex polarization structures

Abstract

The polarization of light can exhibit unusual features when singular optical beams are involved. In 3-dimensional polarized random media the polarization orientation around singularities describe 1/2 or 3/2 M\"obius strips. It has been predicted that if singular beams intersect non-collinearly in free space, the polarization ellipse rotates forming many-turn M\"obius strips or twisted ribbons along closed loops around a central singularity. These polarization features are important because polarization is an aspect of light that mediate strong interactions with matter, with potential for new applications. We examined the non-collinear superposition of two unfocused paraxial light beams when one of them carried an optical vortex and the other one a uniform phase front, both in orthogonal states of circular polarization. It is known that these superpositions in 2-dimensions produce space-variant patterns of polarization. Relying on the symmetry of the problem, we extracted the 3-dimensional patterns from projective measurements, and confirmed the formation of many-turn M\"obius strips or twisted ribbons when the topological charge of one of the component beams was odd or even, respectively. The measurements agree well with the modelings and confirmed that these types of patterns occur at macroscopic length scales and in ordinary superposition situations.