A Drop in the Pond: The Effect of Rapid Mass Loss on the Dynamics and Interaction Rate of Collisionless Particles

TL;DR

This paper investigates how rapid mass loss in gravitating systems alters particle orbits and density profiles, revealing that overall interaction rates decrease despite the formation of caustics, with implications for observable signals.

Contribution

The study provides analytical and numerical analysis of post-mass-loss density profiles, demonstrating that mass loss reduces particle interaction rates even with caustic formation.

Findings

Interaction rate decreases after rapid mass loss

Singular caustics form in density profiles

Overall system expansion dominates over caustic effects

Abstract

In symmetric gravitating systems experiencing rapid mass loss, particle orbits change almost instantaneously, which can lead to the development of a sharply contoured density profile, including singular caustics for collisionless systems. This framework can be used to model a variety of dynamical systems, such as accretion disks following a massive black hole merger and dwarf galaxies following violent early star formation feedback. Particle interactions in the high-density peaks seem a promising source of observable signatures of these mass loss events (i.e. a possible EM counterpart for black hole mergers or strong gamma-ray emission from dark matter annihilation around young galaxies), because the interaction rate depends on the square of the density. We study post-mass-loss density profiles, both analytic and numerical, in idealised cases and present arguments and methods to extend to any general system. An analytic derivation is presented for particles on Keplerian orbits responding to a drop in the central mass. We argue that this case, with initially circular orbits, gives the most sharply contoured profile possible. We find that despite the presence of a set of singular caustics, the total particle interaction rate is reduced compared to the unperturbed system; this is a result of the overall expansion of the system dominating over the steep caustics. Finally we argue that this result holds more generally, and the loss of central mass decreases the particle interaction rate in any physical system.