Planet formation and the evolution of the Solar System

TL;DR

This paper proposes a comprehensive capture-based model for planet formation and Solar System evolution, explaining diverse planetary properties and features through tidal interactions and collisions within a dense stellar cluster.

Contribution

It introduces a novel capture theory model that accounts for the formation and evolution of the Solar System and exoplanets, including additional planets and their collision outcomes.

Findings

Explains diverse exoplanet orbits and properties.

Proposes initial Solar System had six planets.

Accounts for Moon formation, asteroid belt, and Kuiper Belt features.

Abstract

The Capture Theory gives planet production through a tidal interaction between a condensed star and a diffuse protostar within a dense embedded cluster. Initial extensive and highly eccentric planetary orbits round-off and decay in a circumstellar disk of material captured from the protostar. Collapsing protoplanets leave behind a circumplanetary disk within which satellites form by an accretion process. Many properties of exoplanets: orbits very close to and very far from stars, highly eccentric orbits, planets around binary stars, the proportion of stars with planets and spin-orbit misalignments are straightforwardly explained in terms of this model. It is proposed that the initial Solar System contained six major planets, the existing four plus Bellona of mass 2.5 MJ and Enyo of mass 1.9 MJ, where MJ is the mass of Jupiter. The products of a collision between the two additional planets explain many features of the Solar System: the larger terrestrial planets, Mars and Mercury and their characteristics, the Earth-Moon relationship and the surface features of the Moon, the formation of asteroids, comets and dwarf planets, the formation of the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud, the relationship between Neptune, Pluto and Triton, the characteristics of ice-giants and isotopic anomalies in meteorites. All the mechanisms involved in these processes are well understood and occur in other astronomical contexts.