A blueprint for demonstrating quantum supremacy with superconducting qubits

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates a pathway to quantum supremacy using 9 superconducting qubits, generating complex quantum states and applying machine learning to model and analyze the system, paving the way for future larger-scale quantum computations.

Contribution

It introduces a method to generate and analyze complex quantum states with 9 superconducting qubits, and demonstrates the potential to scale up to 50 qubits for surpassing classical computational capabilities.

Findings

Probabilities follow a universal distribution consistent with full Hilbert-space sampling.

System explores exponentially growing quantum states as qubits increase.

Machine learning models accurately predict measured quantum probabilities.

Abstract

Fundamental questions in chemistry and physics may never be answered due to the exponential complexity of the underlying quantum phenomena. A desire to overcome this challenge has sparked a new industry of quantum technologies with the promise that engineered quantum systems can address these hard problems. A key step towards demonstrating such a system will be performing a computation beyond the capabilities of any classical computer, achieving so-called quantum supremacy. Here, using 9 superconducting qubits, we demonstrate an immediate path towards quantum supremacy. By individually tuning the qubit parameters, we are able to generate thousands of unique Hamiltonian evolutions and probe the output probabilities. The measured probabilities obey a universal distribution, consistent with uniformly sampling the full Hilbert-space. As the number of qubits in the algorithm is varied, the system continues to explore the exponentially growing number of states. Combining these large datasets with techniques from machine learning allows us to construct a model which accurately predicts the measured probabilities. We demonstrate an application of these algorithms by systematically increasing the disorder and observing a transition from delocalized states to localized states. By extending these results to a system of 50 qubits, we hope to address scientific questions that are beyond the capabilities of any classical computer.