A moderately precise dynamical age for the Homunculus of Eta Carinae based on 13 years of HST imaging

TL;DR

This study uses 13 years of HST imaging to precisely date the ejection of the Homunculus Nebula of Eta Carinae, revealing it occurred during the main eruption phase and not during brief peaks, with implications for its mass-loss history.

Contribution

It introduces a new method of measuring nebula expansion using intensity tracings, achieving higher precision in dating the Homunculus ejection event.

Findings

Ejection date of 1847.1 ± 0.8 years established

Ejection occurred during the main plateau of the Great Eruption

Mass-loss episodes were more complex than previously thought

Abstract

The HST archive contains a large collection of images of eta Carinae, and this paper analyzes those most suitable for measuring its expanding Homunculus Nebula. Multiple intensity tracings through the Homunculus reveal the fractional increase in the overall size of the nebula; this avoids registration uncertainty, mitigates brightness fluctuations, and is independent of previous methods. Combining a 13-yr baseline of Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) images in the F631N filter, with a 4-yr baseline of Advanced Camera for Surveys/High Resolution Channel (ACS/HRC) images in the F550M filter, yields an ejection date (assuming linear motion) of 1847.1 ($\pm$0.8 yr). This result improves the precision, but is in excellent agreement with the previous study by Morse et al.\ (2001) that used a shorter time baseline and a different analysis method. This more precise date is inconsistent with ejection during a periastron passage of the eccentric binary. Ejection occured well into the main plateau of the Great Eruption, and not during the brief peaks in 1843 and 1838. The age uncertainty is dominated by a real spread in ages of various knots, and by some irregular brightness fluctuations. Several knots appear to have been ejected decades before or after the mean date, implying a complicated history of mass-loss episodes outside the main bright phase of the eruption. The extended history of mass ejection may have been largely erased by the passage of a shock through clumpy ejecta, as most material was swept into a thin shell with nearly uniform apparent age.