The Rotation and Other Properties of Comet 49P/Arend-Rigaux, 1984 - 2012

TL;DR

This study analyzed the rotation properties and activity of comet 49P/Arend-Rigaux over multiple apparitions, revealing a consistent rotation period with minor changes, and identified a short-term jet feature linked to activity bursts.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed comparison of the comet's rotation period and activity between 1984 and 2012 using consistent analysis methods.

Findings

Rotation period is approximately 13.45 hours with less than 14 seconds change per apparition.

Detected a short-term jet-like feature indicating localized activity.

Strong seasonal activity pattern with a dominant source region.

Abstract

We analyzed images of comet 49P/Arend-Rigaux on 33 nights between 2012 January and May and obtained R-band lightcurves of the nucleus. Through usual phasing of the data we found a double-peaked lightcurve having a synodic rotation period of 13.450 +/- 0.005 hr. Similarly, phase dispersion minimization and the Lomb-Scargle method both revealed rotation periods of 13.452 hr. Throughout the 2011/12 apparition, the rotation period was found to increase by a small amount, consistent with a retrograde rotation of the nucleus. We also reanalyzed the publicly available data from the 1984/85 apparition by applying the same techniques, finding a rotation period of 13.45 +/- 0.01 hr. Based on these findings we show that the change in rotation period is less than 14 seconds per apparition. Furthermore, the amplitudes of the light curves from the two apparitions are comparable, to within reasonable errors, even though the viewing geometries differ, implying that we are seeing the comet at a similar sub-Earth latitude. We detected the presence of a short term jet-like feature in 2012 March which appears to have been created by a short duration burst of activity on March 15. Production rates obtained in 2004/05, along with reanalysis of previous results from 1984/85 imply a strong seasonal effect and a very steep fall-off after perihelion. This, in turn, implies that a single source region dominates activity, rather than leakage from the entire nucleus.