Sign-Changing Solutions for Critical Equations with Hardy Potential

TL;DR

This paper investigates the existence and non-existence of sign-changing and positive solutions with bubble formations for a critical Hardy-Schrödinger equation involving a singular potential, extending known results from the non-singular case.

Contribution

It establishes new existence results for solutions with multiple bubbles and sign-changing solutions under specific Hardy potential conditions, and identifies optimal conditions for non-existence in radial cases.

Findings

Existence of positive solutions with a bubble at the origin for small epsilon.

Existence of sign-changing solutions with multiple bubbles for small epsilon.

Non-existence of radial sign-changing solutions when gamma exceeds certain thresholds.

Abstract

We consider the following perturbed critical Dirichlet problem involving the Hardy-Schr\"odinger operator on a smooth bounded domain $\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^N$, $N\geq 3$, with $0 \in \Omega$: $$ \left\{ \begin{array}{ll}-\Delta u-\gamma \frac{u}{|x|^2}-\epsilon u=|u|^{\frac{4}{N-2}}u &\hbox{in }\Omega u=0 & \hbox{on }\partial \Omega, \end{array}\right. $$ when $\epsilon>0$ is small and $\gamma< {(N-2)^2\over4}$. Setting $ \gamma_j= \frac{(N-2)^2}{4}\left(1-\frac{j(N-2+j)}{N-1}\right)\in(-\infty,0]$ for $j \in \mathbb{N},$ we show that if $\gamma\leq \frac{(N-2)^2}{4}-1$ and $\gamma \neq \gamma_j$ for any $j$, then for small $\epsilon$, the above equation has a positive --non variational-- solution that develops a bubble at the origin. If moreover $\gamma<\frac{(N-2)^2}{4}-4,$ then for any integer $k \geq 2$, the equation has for small enough $\epsilon$, a sign-changing solution that develops into a superposition of $k$ bubbles with alternating sign centered at the origin. The above result is optimal in the radial case, where the condition that $\gamma\neq \gamma_j$ is not necessary. Indeed, it is known that, if $\gamma > \frac{(N-2)^2}{4}-1$ and $\Omega$ is a ball $B$, then there is no radial positive solution for $\epsilon>0$ small. We complete the picture here by showing that, if $\gamma\geq \frac{(N-2)^2}{4}-4$, then the above problem has no radial sign-changing solutions for $\epsilon>0$ small. These results recover and improve what is known in the non-singular case, i.e., when $\gamma=0$.