Metastable Ultracondensed Solid Hydrogenous Materials

TL;DR

This paper reviews the synthesis and potential retention of metastable solid metallic hydrogen and hydrogenous materials at ambient conditions, highlighting their scientific and technological significance and future research directions.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of metallic hydrogen synthesis, explores the possibility of metastable retention at ambient conditions, and discusses future research prospects in high pressure materials.

Findings

Ultracondensed metallic hydrogen has been produced at 140 GPa.

A sample was created at 495 GPa and 5.5 K, but its solid or fluid state is uncertain.

Retaining metastable hydrogenous materials at ambient conditions could enable new applications.

Abstract

The primary purpose of this paper is to stimulate theoretical predictions of how to retain metastably hydrogenous materials made at high pressure P on release to ambient. Ultracondensed metallic hydrogen has been made at 140 GPa at finite temperatures T in the fluid. The term metallic here means quantum mechanically degenerate. A single sample of ultracondensed hydrogen has been made at an estimated pressure of 495 GPa at 5.5 K. Whether that sample is solid or fluid remains to be determined. Those results imply the long quest for metallic hydrogen is likely to be concluded in the relatively near future. Because the quest for metallic hydrogen has been a major driver of high pressure research for decades, a logical question is whether another research direction, comparable in scale to that quest, will arise in high pressure research in the future. One possibility is retention of metastable solid metallic hydrogen and other hydrogenous materials on release of P and T to ambient. If hydrogenous materials could be retained metastably in the solid on release, those materials would be a new class of materials for scientific investigations and technological applications. This paper is a brief review of the synthesis of metallic hydrogen, potential technological applications of metastable solid metallic H and other hydrogenous materials at ambient, and published experimental and theoretical results as general background for what has been accomplished with metastable phases in the past, which suggests what might be accomplished in the future.