Superfluid Fermi atomic gas as a quantum simulator for the study of neutron-star equation of state

TL;DR

This paper proposes using ultracold Fermi gases as quantum simulators for neutron-star matter, leveraging theoretical models to bridge differences and accurately replicate the neutron-star equation of state in low-density regions.

Contribution

It introduces a novel approach to simulate neutron-star matter using ultracold atomic gases by extending existing theories to account for effective range differences.

Findings

NSR theory explains $^6$Li Fermi gas EoS accurately

Extended NSR theory matches neutron-star low-density EoS

Ultracold gases can serve as flexible quantum simulators

Abstract

We theoretically propose an idea to use an ultracold Fermi gas as a quantum simulator for the study of the neutron-star equation of state (EoS) in the low-density region. Our idea is different from the standard quantum simulator that heads for {\it perfect} replication of another system, such as a Hubbard model discussed in high-$T_{\rm c}$ cuprates. Instead, we use the {\it similarity} between two systems, and theoretically make up for the difference between them. That is, (1) we first show that the strong-coupling theory developed by Nozi\`eres-Schmitt Rink (NSR) can quantitatively explain the recent EoS experiment on a $^6$Li superfluid Fermi gas in the BCS (Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer)-unitary limit far below the superfluid phase transition temperature $T_{\rm c}$. This region is considered to be very similar to the low density region (crust regime) of a neutron star (where a nearly unitary $s$-wave neutron superfluid is expected). (2) We then theoretically compensate the difference that, while the effective range $r_{\rm eff}$ is negligibly small in a superfluid $^6$Li Fermi gas, it cannot be ignored ($r_{\rm eff}=2.7$ fm) in a neutron star, by extending the NSR theory to include effects of $r_{\rm eff}$. The calculated EoS when $r_{\rm eff}=2.7$ fm is shown to agree well with the previous neutron-star EoS in the low density region predicted in nuclear physics. Our idea indicates that an ultracold atomic gas may more flexibly be used as a quantum simulator for the study of other complicated quantum many-body systems, when we use, not only the experimental high tunability, but also the recent theoretical development in this field. Since it is difficult to directly observe a neutron-star interior, our idea would provide a useful approach to the exploration for this mysterious astronomical object.