Topology of Force Networks in Granular Media under Impact

TL;DR

This study explores the topological evolution of force networks in granular media under impact, revealing complex hysteretic behavior and changes in loop sizes during impact events.

Contribution

It introduces topological measures like Betti numbers and persistence diagrams to analyze force networks, providing new insights into their dynamic behavior during impact.

Findings

Force network structure exhibits hysteresis dependent on impact parameters.

Betti number $eta_1$ distinguishes formation and relaxation phases.

Loop sizes in the force network follow a Poisson-like distribution that varies with impact.

Abstract

We investigate the evolution of the force network in experimental systems of two-dimensional granular materials under impact. We use the first Betti number, $\beta_1$, and persistence diagrams, as measures of the topological properties of the force network. We show that the structure of the network has a complex, hysteretic dependence on both the intruder acceleration and the total force response of the granular material. $\beta_1$ can also distinguish between the nonlinear formation and relaxation of the force network. In addition, using the persistence diagram of the force network, we show that the size of the loops in the force network has a Poisson-like distribution, the characteristic size of which changes over the course of the impact.