Three-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Shear Stimulation of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

TL;DR

This paper introduces a comprehensive 3D numerical model to simulate shear stimulation in fractured reservoirs, integrating fluid flow, fracture deformation, and rock matrix behavior to better understand permeability enhancement and seismic risks.

Contribution

The study presents a novel coupled numerical model that explicitly represents large-scale fractures and their interactions with the rock matrix in three dimensions.

Findings

Fluid exchange significantly affects permeability evolution.

Shear deformation can induce seismic activity.

Model demonstrates realistic reservoir behavior.

Abstract

Shear dilation based hydraulic stimulations enable exploitation of geothermal energy from reservoirs with inadequate initial permeability. While contributing to enhancing the reservoir's permeability, hydraulic stimulation processes may lead to undesired seismic activity. Here, we present a three dimensional numerical model aiming to increase understanding of this mechanism and its consequences. The fractured reservoir is modeled as a network of explicitly represented large scale fractures immersed in a permeable rock matrix. The numerical formulation is constructed by coupling three physical processes: fluid flow, fracture deformation, and rock matrix deformation. For flow simulations, the discrete fracture matrix model is used, which allows the fluid transport from high permeable conductive fractures to the rock matrix and vice versa. The mechanical behavior of the fractures is modeled using a hyperbolic model with reversible and irreversible deformations. Linear elasticity is assumed for the mechanical deformation and stress alteration of the rock matrix. Fractures are modeled as lower dimensional surfaces embodied in the domain, subjected to specific governing equations for their deformation along the tangential and normal directions. Both the fluid flow and momentum balance equations are approximated by finite volume discretizations. The new numerical model is demonstrated considering a three dimensional fractured formation with a network of 20 explicitly represented fractures. The effects of fluid exchange between fractures and rock matrix on the permeability evolution and the generated seismicity are examined for test cases resembling realistic reservoir conditions.