Towards a census of high-redshift dusty galaxies with $\mathit{Herschel}$: A selection of "500 $\mu$m-risers"

TL;DR

This paper develops a new method to select and analyze high-redshift dusty galaxies called "500 μm-risers" using Herschel survey data, providing a statistical sample and insights into early universe star formation.

Contribution

It introduces a novel selection algorithm for high-redshift dusty galaxies and evaluates its effectiveness through simulations and comparison with galaxy evolution models.

Findings

Selected 133 '500 μm-risers' over 55 deg², consistent with galaxy evolution models.

Estimated 24% of selected sources are strongly lensed.

Derived star formation rate density at z=4-5 close to total FIR measurements.

Abstract

$\mathit{Herschel}$ extragalactic surveys offer a unique opportunity to efficiently select a significant number of rare and massive dusty objects, and thus gain insight into the prodigious star-forming activity that takes place in the very distant Universe. To search for $z\geq4$ dusty star-forming galaxies, in this work we consider red SPIRE objects with fluxes rising from 250 $\mu$m to $500\:\mu$m (so-called "500 $\mu$m-risers"). We aim to implement a novel method to obtain a statistical sample of "500 $\mu$m-risers" and fully evaluate our selection inspecting different models of galaxy evolution. We consider one of the largest and deepest ${\it Herschel}$ surveys, the Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey. We develop a novel selection algorithm which links the source extraction and spectral energy distribution fitting. We select 133 "500 $\mu$m-risers" over 55 deg$^{2}$, imposing the criteria: $S_{500}>S_{350}>S_{250}$, $S_{250}>13.2$ mJy and $S_{500}>$30 mJy. Differential number counts are in a fairly good agreement with models, displaying better match than other existing samples. In order to interpret the statistical properties of selected sources, which has been proven as a very challenging task due the complexity of observed artefacts, we make end-to-end simulations including physical clustering and lensing. The estimated fraction of strongly lensed sources is $24^{+6}_{-5}\%$ based on models. We present the faintest known statistical sample of "500 $\mu$m-risers" and show that noise and strong lensing have crucial impact on measured counts and redshift distribution of selected sources. We estimate the flux-corrected star formation rate density at $4<z<5$ with the "500 $\mu$m-risers" and found it close to the total value measured in far-infrared. It indicates that colour selection is not a limiting effect to search for the most massive, dusty $z>4$ sources.