Asymmetric dark matter with a possible Bose-Einstein condensate

TL;DR

This paper explores the viability of Bose gas dark matter candidates, analyzing their properties under various cosmological constraints, and finds that Bose-Einstein condensates can form early on, persisting only in the ultra-light mass case.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed analysis of Bose gas dark matter with conserved charge, considering both heavy and ultra-light mass scenarios, and examines condensate formation over cosmic history.

Findings

Bose-Einstein condensate forms early in the universe.

Condensate persists only in the ultra-light mass scenario.

Constraints from relic abundance and cosmology limit parameter space.

Abstract

We investigate the properties of a Bose gas with a conserved charge as a dark matter candidate, taking into account the restrictions imposed by relic abundance, direct and indirect detection limits, big-bang nucleosynthesis and large scale structure formation constraints. We consider both the WIMP-like scenario of dark matter masses $ \gtrsim $ 1 GeV, and the small mass scenario, with masses $ \lesssim 10^{-11} $ eV. We determine that a Bose-Einstein condensate will be present at sufficiently early times, but only for the small-mass scenario it will remain at the present epoch.