X-ray photoevaporation's limited success in the formation of planetesimals by the streaming instability

TL;DR

This study investigates whether X-ray photoevaporation can trigger planetesimal formation via the streaming instability, concluding it is generally ineffective for forming planetary cores but may contribute to debris disc creation.

Contribution

The paper provides a one-dimensional viscous disc evolution model showing limited dust-to-planetesimal conversion from X-ray photoevaporation, contrasting with previous FUV-driven models.

Findings

Dust mass converted into planetesimals is usually less than 1 Earth mass.

Photoevaporation's role is likely limited to debris disc formation.

Different photoevaporation profiles significantly affect outcomes.

Abstract

The streaming instability is often invoked as solution to the fragmentation and drift barriers in planetesimal formation, catalyzing the aggregation of dust on kyr timescales to grow km-sized cores. However there remains a lack of consensus on the physical mechanism(s) responsible for initiating it. One potential avenue is disc photoevaporation, wherein the preferential removal of relatively dust-free gas increases the disc metallicity. Late in the disc lifetime, photoevaporation dominates viscous accretion, creating a gradient in the depleted gas surface density near the location of the gap. This induces a local pressure maximum that collects drifting dust particles, which may then become susceptible to the streaming instability. Using a one-dimensional viscous evolution model of a disc subject to internal X-ray photoevaporation, we explore the efficacy of this process to build planetestimals. Over a range of parameters we find that the amount of dust mass converted into planetesimals is often < 1 M_Earth and at most a few M_Earth spread across tens of AU. We conclude that photoevaporation may at best be relevant for the formation of debris discs, rather than a common mechanism for the formation of planetary cores. Our results are in contrast to a recent, similar investigation that considered an FUV-driven photoevaporation model and reported the formation of tens of M_Earth at large (> 100 AU) disc radii. The discrepancies are primarily a consequence of the different photoevaporation profiles assumed. Until observations more tightly constrain photoevaporation models, the relevance of this process to the formation of planets remains uncertain.