A new test of $f(R)$ gravity with the cosmological standard rulers in radio quasars

TL;DR

This study uses VLBI observations of quasars combined with galaxy cluster, CMB, and BAO data to constrain two $f(R)$ gravity models, testing their viability against the standard $ ext{Lambda}$CDM cosmology.

Contribution

It introduces a novel application of quasar standard rulers to constrain $f(R)$ gravity models within the Palatini formalism, comparing their performance with $ ext{Lambda}$CDM.

Findings

Quasars effectively constrain $f(R)$ models, acting as powerful cosmological probes.

The $ ext{Lambda}$CDM model remains within 1$\sigma$ but may not be the best fit.

Information criteria favor the cosmological constant over $f(R)$ models.

Abstract

As an important candidate gravity theory alternative to dark energy, a class of $f(R)$ modified gravity, which introduces a perturbation of the Ricci scalar $R$ in the Einstein-Hilbert action, has been extensively applied to cosmology to explain the acceleration of the universe. In this paper, we focus on the recently-released VLBI observations of the compact structure in intermediate-luminosity quasars combined with the angular-diameter-distance measurements from galaxy clusters, which consists of 145 data points performing as individual cosmological standard rulers in the redshift range $0.023\le z\le 2.80$, to investigate observational constraints on two viable models in $f(R)$ theories within the Palatini formalism: $f_1(R)=R-\frac{a}{R^b}$ and $f_2(R)=R-\frac{aR}{R+ab}$. We also combine the individual standard ruler data with the observations of CMB and BAO, which provides stringent constraints. Furthermore, two model diagnostics, $Om(z)$ and statefinder, are also applied to distinguish the two $f(R)$ models and $\Lambda$CDM model. Our results show that (1) The quasars sample performs very well to place constraints on the two $f(R)$ cosmologies, which indicates its potential to act as a powerful complementary probe to other cosmological standard rulers. (2) The $\Lambda$CDM model, which corresponds to $b=0$ in the two $f(R)$ cosmologies is still included within $1\sigma$ range. However, there still exists some possibility that $\Lambda$CDM may not the best cosmological model preferred by the current high-redshift observations. (3) The information criteria indicate that the cosmological constant model is still the best one, while the $f_1(R)$ model gets the smallest observational support. (4) The $f_2(R)$ model, which evolves quite different from $f_1(R)$ model at early times, still significantly deviates from both $f_1(R)$ and $\Lambda$CDM model at the present time.