Space weather challenges of the polar cap ionosphere
J{\o}ran Moen, Kjellmar Oksavik, Lucilla Alfonsi, Yvonne Daabakk,, Vineenzo Romano, and Luca Spogli

TL;DR
This study investigates space weather phenomena in the polar cap ionosphere, focusing on plasma instabilities and scintillations, using multi-instrument data to improve forecasting models for high-latitude scintillations.
Contribution
It combines multi-instrument observations to link plasma instabilities with scintillations and demonstrates the use of SuperDARN for tracking polar cap patches.
Findings
Scintillations are mainly caused by multi-scale structures from instability processes.
SuperDARN can effectively track polar cap patches and forecast their movement.
Cusp ionosphere shows high scintillation activity related to filamentary precipitation.
Abstract
This paper presents research on polar cap ionosphere space weather phenomena conducted during the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) action ES0803 from 2008 to 2012. The main part of the work has been directed toward the study of plasma instabilities and scintillations in association with cusp flow channels and polar cap electron density structures/patches,which is considered as critical knowledge in order to develop forecast models for scintillations in the polar cap. We have approached this problem by multi-instrument techniques that comprise the EISCAT Svalbard Radar, SuperDARN radars, in-situ rocket, and GPS scintillation measurements. The Discussion section aims to unify the bits and pieces of highly specialized information from several papers into a generalized picture. The cusp ionosphere appears as a hot region in GPS scintillation climatology maps. Our…
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