A modular, extendible and field-tolerant multichannel vector magnetometer based on current sensor SQUIDs

TL;DR

This paper introduces a modular, extendible multichannel SQUID magnetometer system designed for high-precision biomagnetic and spin precession measurements, demonstrating low noise levels and robustness in practical applications like ULF NMR and MEG.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel, field-tolerant multichannel SQUID magnetometer system with modular design, capable of high sensitivity and multi-application use, including biomagnetism and nuclear magnetic resonance.

Findings

Measured noise levels between 0.6 and 1.5 fT/Hz$^{1/2}$ for small magnetometers

Achieved a minimum noise level of 0.54 fT/Hz$^{1/2}$ using software gradiometry

Successfully performed ULF NMR and MEG experiments demonstrating system robustness

Abstract

We present the prototype module of our extendible and robust multichannel SQUID magnetometer system. A multi-module arrangement can be implemented by using up to 7 modules. It is intended for high-precision measurements of biomagnetism and spin precession. Further demanding applications are magnetorelaxometry and ultra-low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (ULF NMR), where pulsed fields of up to 100 mT are typically applied. The system is operated inside the Berlin Magnetically Shielded Room and equipped with 18 magnetometers consisting of niobium (Nb) wire-wound pick-up coils. A total of 16 small pick-up coils with 17.1 mm diameter form a regular grid with individual channels arranged to ensure system sensitivity covers all three orthogonal spatial directions. Two large hexagonal pick-up coils with an equivalent diameter of 74.5 mm sensitive in z-direction surround the grid at two different heights and are suitable for the detection of deep sources. Each coil is connected to the input of a thin-film Nb SQUID current sensor via a detachable superconducting contact. The SQUIDs are equipped with integrated input current limiters. Feedback into the pick-up coils minimizes crosstalk between channels. The current sensor chip package includes a superconducting shield of Nb. The field distortion of the prototype and a multi-module arrangement was analysed by numerical simulation. The measured noise of the small magnetometers was between 0.6 and 1.5 fT/Hz$^{1/2}$, and well below 1 fT/Hz$^{1/2}$ for the large ones. Using a software gradiometer, we achieved a minimum noise level of 0.54 fT/Hz$^{1/2}$. We performed ULF NMR experiments, verifying the system's robustness against pulsed fields, and magnetoencephalographgy (MEG) on somatosensory evoked neuronal activity. The low noise performance of our 18-channel prototype enabled the detection of high-frequency components at around 1 kHz by MEG.