Anderson localization in disordered LN photonic crystal slab cavities

TL;DR

This study investigates how structural disorder affects lithium niobate photonic crystal cavities, revealing Anderson localization effects, mode saturation, and boundary condition influences, with implications for photonic device applications.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive theoretical analysis of disorder effects on LN photonic crystal cavities, highlighting the role of Anderson localization and boundary conditions in finite-size systems.

Findings

Anderson localization occurs for cavity lengths larger than L31.

Quality factors and mode volumes saturate and are bounded by Anderson modes.

Disordered density of states is maximized in disordered waveguides of the same length.

Abstract

We present a detailed theoretical study of the effects of structural disorder on LN photonic crystal slab cavities, ranging from short to long length scales, using a fully-3D Bloch mode expansion technique. We compute the optical density of states, quality factors and effective mode volumes of the cavity modes, with and without disorder, and compare with the localized modes of the corresponding disordered photonic crystal waveguide. We demonstrate how the quality factors and effective mode volumes saturate at a specific cavity length and become bounded by the corresponding values of the Anderson modes appearing in the disordered waveguide. By means of the intensity fluctuation criterion, we observe Anderson localization for cavity lengths larger than around L31, and show that the field confinement in the disordered LN cavities is mainly determined by the local characteristics of the structural disorder as long as the confinement region is far enough from the cavity mirrors and the effective mode localization length is much smaller than the cavity length; under this regime, the disordered cavity system becomes insensitive to changes in the cavity boundaries and a good agreement with the intensity fluctuation criterion is found for localization. Surprisingly, we find that the Anderson localized modes do not appear as new disorder-induced resonances in the main spectral region of the LN cavity modes, and, moreover, the disordered DOS enhancement is largest for the disordered waveguide system with the same length. These results are fundamentally interesting for applications such as lasing and cavity-QED, and provide new insights into the role of the boundary condition on finite-size slow-light waveguides. They also point out the clear failure of using models based on the cavity boundaries/mirrors and a single slow-light Bloch mode to describe cavity systems with large N.