Verifier-on-a-Leash: new schemes for verifiable delegated quantum computation, with quasilinear resources

TL;DR

This paper introduces two resource-efficient protocols enabling a classical verifier to reliably delegate quantum computations to entangled provers, with near-optimal complexity and innovative testing methods for entangled measurements.

Contribution

The paper presents two new protocols for verifiable quantum delegation with minimal resource overhead and a novel rigidity theorem for testing entangled measurements.

Findings

Protocols achieve $O(g ext{log} g)$ resource scaling

One protocol is linear-round and blind, the other is constant-round

Introduces an efficient rigidity theorem for entangled measurements

Abstract

The problem of reliably certifying the outcome of a computation performed by a quantum device is rapidly gaining relevance. We present two protocols for a classical verifier to verifiably delegate a quantum computation to two non-communicating but entangled quantum provers. Our protocols have near-optimal complexity in terms of the total resources employed by the verifier and the honest provers, with the total number of operations of each party, including the number of entangled pairs of qubits required of the honest provers, scaling as $O(g\log g)$ for delegating a circuit of size $g$. This is in contrast to previous protocols, which all require a prohibitively large polynomial overhead. Our first protocol requires a number of rounds that is linear in the depth of the circuit being delegated, and is blind, meaning neither prover can learn the circuit being delegated. The second protocol is not blind, but requires only a constant number of rounds of interaction. Our main technical innovation is an efficient rigidity theorem which allows a verifier to test that two entangled provers perform measurements specified by an arbitrary $m$-qubit tensor product of single-qubit Clifford observables on their respective halves of $m$ shared EPR pairs, with a robustness that is independent of $m$. Our two-prover classical-verifier delegation protocols are obtained by combining this rigidity theorem with a single-prover quantum-verifier protocol for the verifiable delegation of a quantum computation, introduced by Broadbent (Theory of Computing, 2018).