Modeling approaches for precise relativistic orbits: Analytical, Lie-series, and pN approximation

TL;DR

This paper compares different relativistic orbit modeling methods, including analytical, Lie-series, and post-Newtonian approximations, to improve the accuracy of satellite orbit predictions in relativistic regimes relevant for space missions.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive comparison of solution methods for relativistic orbit modeling, highlighting the accuracy and applicability of each approach in geodetic space missions.

Findings

Lie-series approach closely matches exact solutions for selected orbits.

Post-Newtonian approximation captures relativistic effects with acceptable accuracy.

Relativistic effects are significant compared to perturbations like solar radiation pressure.

Abstract

Accurate orbit modeling plays a key role in contemporary and future space missions such as GRACE and its successor GRACE-FO, GNSS, and altimetry missions. To fully exploit the technological capabilities and correctly interpret measurements, relativistic orbital effects need to be taken into account. Within the theory of General Relativity, equations of motion for freely falling test objects, such as satellites orbiting the Earth, are given by the geodesic equation. We analyze and compare different solution methods in a spherically symmetric background, i.e. for the Schwarzschild spacetime, as a test bed. We investigate satellite orbits and use direct numerical orbit integration as well as the semi-analytical Lie-series approach. The results are compared to the exact analytical reference solution in terms of elliptic functions. For a set of exemplary orbits, we determine the respective accuracy of the different methods. Within the post-Newtonian approximation of General Relativity, modified orbital equations are obtained by adding relativistic corrections to the Newtonian equations of motion. We analyze the accuracy of this approximation with respect to the general relativistic setting. Therefore, we solve the post-Newtonian equation of motion using the eXtended High Performance Satellite dynamics Simulator. For corresponding initial conditions, we compare orbits in the Schwarzschild spacetime to those in its post-Newtonian approximation. Moreover, we compare the magnitude of relativistic contributions to several typical perturbations of satellite orbits due to, e.g., solar radiation pressure, Earth's albedo, and atmospheric drag. This comparison is done for our test scenarios and for a real GRACE orbit to highlight the importance of relativistic effects in geodetic space missions.