Stability of tetrons

TL;DR

This paper investigates the stability of hypothetical four-quark bound states called tetrons, analyzing their existence using a Coulomb-like approximation and mass ratio expansions, with implications for heavy quark systems.

Contribution

It introduces a mass ratio expansion approach to determine tetron stability and explores the parametric dependence on the number of colors, confirming results with numerical calculations.

Findings

Stable tetrons exist below a critical mass ratio.

No stable tetrons when all constituents have equal mass.

Application suggests a stable $b b ar u ar d$ tetron is likely.

Abstract

We consider the interactions in a mesonic system, referred here to as `tetron', consisting of two heavy quarks and two lighter antiquarks (which may still be heavy in the scale of QCD), i.e. generally $Q_a Q_b \bar q_c \bar q_d$, and study the existence of bound states below the threshold for decay into heavy meson pairs. At a small ratio of the lighter to heavier quark masses an expansion parameter arises for treatment of the binding in such systems. We find that in the limit where all the quarks and antiquarks are so heavy that a Coulomb-like approximation can be applied to the gluon exchange between all of them, such bound states arise when this parameter is below a certain critical value. We find the parametric dependence of the critical mass ratio on the number of colors $N_c$, and confirm this dependence by numerical calculations. In particular there are no stable tetrons when all constituents have the same mass. We discuss an application of a similar expansion in the large $N_c$ limit to realistic systems where the antiquarks are light and their interactions are nonperturbative. In this case our findings are in agreement with the recent claims from a phenomenological analysis that a stable $b b \bar u \bar d$ tetron is likely to exist, unlike those where one or both bottom quarks are replaced by the charmed quark.