A Statistical Survey of Peculiar L and T Dwarfs in SDSS, 2MASS, and WISE

TL;DR

This survey identifies and characterizes peculiar L and T dwarfs using cross-matched data from SDSS, 2MASS, and WISE, revealing new objects with unusual colors, potential youth signatures, and insights into their atmospheric properties.

Contribution

It provides the first comprehensive statistical analysis of peculiar L and T dwarfs from multiple surveys, discovering new objects and refining understanding of their youth and atmospheric characteristics.

Findings

Identified 144 candidate peculiar L and T dwarfs.

Confirmed 20 objects as peculiar or candidate binaries.

Discovered the reddest known field dwarf without youth signatures.

Abstract

We present the final results from a targeted search for brown dwarfs with unusual near-infrared colors. From a positional cross-match of SDSS, 2MASS and WISE, we have identified 144 candidate peculiar L and T dwarfs. Spectroscopy confirms that 20 of the objects are peculiar or are candidate binaries. Nine of the 420 objects in our sample are young ($\lesssim$200 Myr; 2.1%) and another 8 (1.9%) are unusually red with no signatures of youth. With a spectroscopic $J-K_s$ color of 2.58 $\pm$ 0.11 mag, one of the new objects, the L6 dwarf 2MASS J03530419+0418193, is among the reddest field dwarfs currently known and is one of the reddest objects with no signatures of youth known to date. We have also discovered another potentially very low gravity object, the L1 dwarf 2MASS J00133470+1109403, and independently identified the young L7 dwarf 2MASS J00440332+0228112, first reported by Schneider and collaborators. Our results confirm that signatures of low gravity are no longer discernible in low to moderate resolution spectra of objects older than $\sim$200 Myr. The 1.9% of unusually red L dwarfs that do not show other signatures of youth could be slightly older, up to $\sim$400 Myr. In this case a red $J-K_s$ color may be more diagnostic of moderate youth than individual spectral features. However, its is also possible that these objects are relatively metal-rich, and so have an enhanced atmospheric dust content.