Pygmy and core polarization dipole modes in $^{206}$Pb: connecting nuclear structure to stellar nucleosynthesis

TL;DR

This study measures electromagnetic dipole responses in $^{206}$Pb to inform nuclear structure models and stellar nucleosynthesis, providing new data on dipole strength, polarizability, and neutron-skin thickness.

Contribution

It combines high-resolution experiments with advanced theoretical models to accurately separate pygmy dipole resonance and extract nuclear matter properties relevant to astrophysics.

Findings

Measured electric and magnetic dipole strengths below neutron separation energy.

Determined electric dipole polarizability of $^{206}$Pb as 122±10 mb/MeV.

Estimated neutron-skin thickness and symmetry energy slope from combined data.

Abstract

A high-resolution study of the electromagnetic response of $^{206}$Pb below the neutron separation energy is performed using a ($\vec{\gamma}$,$\gamma'$) experiment at the HI$\vec{\gamma}$S facility. Nuclear resonance fluorescence with 100% linearly polarized photon beams is used to measure spins, parities, branching ratios, and decay widths of excited states in $^{206}$Pb from $4.9$ to $8.1$MeV. The extracted $\Sigma$$B$(E1)$\uparrow$ and $\Sigma$$B$(M1)$\uparrow$ values for the total electric and magnetic dipole strength below the neutron separation energy are 0.9$\pm$0.2e$^2$fm$^2$ and 8.3$\pm$2.0$\mu_{N}^2$, respectively. These measurements are found to be in very good agreement with the predictions from an energy-density functional (EDF) plus quasiparticle phonon model (QPM). Such a detailed theoretical analysis allows to separate the pygmy dipole resonance from both the tail of the giant dipole resonance and multi-phonon excitations. Combined with earlier photonuclear experiments above the neutron separation energy, one extracts a value for the electric dipole polarizability of $^{206}$Pb of $\alpha_{D}\!=\!122\pm10$mb/MeV. When compared to predictions from both the EDF+QPM and accurately calibrated relativistic EDFs, one deduces a range for the neutron-skin thickness of $R_{\rm skin}^{206}\!=\!0.12$-$0.19$fm and a corresponding range for the slope of the symmetry energy of $L\!=\!48$-$60$MeV. This newly obtained information is also used to estimate the Maxwellian-averaged radiative cross section $^{205}$Pb(n,$\gamma$)$^{206}$Pb at 30keV to be $\sigma\!=\!130\!\pm\!25$mb. The astrophysical impact of this measurement--on both the s-process in stellar nucleosynthesis and on the equation of state of neutron-rich matter--is discussed.