Chandra Detection of Intra-cluster X-ray sources in Virgo

TL;DR

This study uses Chandra X-ray observations to identify and analyze intra-cluster X-ray sources in the Virgo galaxy cluster, revealing a significant excess of sources likely associated with intra-cluster phenomena.

Contribution

First comprehensive survey of intra-cluster X-ray sources in Virgo, identifying their spatial distribution and potential origins, including LMXBs, globular clusters, and black holes.

Findings

Detected 1046 X-ray point sources around Virgo galaxies.

Identified ~120 excess sources likely intra-cluster in origin.

No significant excess sources in control field galaxies.

Abstract

We present a survey of X-ray point sources in the nearest and dynamically young galaxy cluster, Virgo, using archival Chandra observations that sample the vicinity of 80 early-type member galaxies. The X-ray source populations at the outskirt of these galaxies are of particular interest. We detect a total of 1046 point sources (excluding galactic nuclei) out to a projected galactocentric radius of $\sim$40 kpc and down to a limiting 0.5-8 keV luminosity of $\sim$$2\times10^{38}{\rm~erg~s^{-1}}$. Based on the cumulative spatial and flux distributions of these sources, we statistically identify $\sim$120 excess sources that are not associated with the main stellar content of the individual galaxies, nor with the cosmic X-ray background. This excess is significant at a 3.5 $\sigma$ level, when Poisson error and cosmic variance are taken into account. On the other hand, no significant excess sources are found at the outskirt of a control sample of field galaxies, suggesting that at least some fraction of the excess sources around the Virgo galaxies are truly intra-cluster X-ray sources. Assisted with ground-based and HST optical imaging of Virgo, we discuss the origins of these intra-cluster X-ray sources, in terms of supernova-kicked low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs), globular clusters, LMXBs associated with the diffuse intra-cluster light, stripped nucleated dwarf galaxies and free-floating massive black holes.