The potential of tracing the star formation history with HI 21-cm in intervening absorption systems

TL;DR

This paper investigates whether the reciprocal of the HI 21-cm absorption strength, used as a proxy for gas cooling, can trace the cosmic star formation density across redshifts, especially in systems lacking detailed column density data.

Contribution

It demonstrates that using mean values of HI 21-cm absorption ratios can potentially trace star formation density without requiring individual column density measurements.

Findings

Reciprocal of HI 21-cm absorption correlates with star formation density.

Mean value proxies can be effective in systems without detailed data.

Potential application for future large-scale surveys with SKA.

Abstract

Unlike the neutral gas density, which remains largely constant over redshifts of 0 < z < 5, the star formation density exhibits a strong redshift dependence, increasing from the present day before peaking at a redshift of z ~ 2.5. Thus, there is a stark contrast between the star formation rate and the abundance of raw material available to fuel it. However, using the ratio of the strength of the HI 21-cm absorption to the total neutral gas column density to quantify the spin temperature of the gas, it has recently been shown that its reciprocal may trace the star formation density. This would be expected on the grounds that the cloud of gas must be sufficiently cool to collapse under its own gravity. This, however, relies on very limited data and so here we explore the potential of applying the above method to absorbers for which individual column densities are not available (primarily MgII absorption systems). By using the mean value as a proxy to the column density of the gas at a given redshift, we do, again, find that 1/T (degenerate with the absorber-emitter size ratio) traces the SF density. If confirmed by higher redshift data, this could offer a powerful tool for future surveys for cool gas throughout the Universe with the Square Kilometre Array.