From K giants to G dwarfs: stellar lifetime effects on metallicity distributions derived from red giants

TL;DR

This paper investigates biases in metallicity distributions derived from red giant branch stars, showing that certain populations are over- or under-represented, and provides correction methods to improve chemical evolution modeling.

Contribution

It introduces correction factors for RGB-based metallicity distributions, accounting for stellar lifetime effects across different ages and metallicities.

Findings

RGB samples over-represent intermediate-age populations (~1-4 Gyr).

Metallicity distribution functions from RGB stars underestimate metal-poor stars by over 25%.

Correcting for biases affects interpretations of galaxy chemical evolution.

Abstract

We examine the biases inherent to chemical abundance distributions when targets are selected from the red giant branch (RGB), using simulated giant branches created from isochrones. We find that even when stars are chosen from the entire colour range of RGB stars and over a broad range of magnitudes, the relative numbers of stars of different ages and metallicities, integrated over all stellar types, are not accurately represented in the giant branch sample. The result is that metallicity distribution functions derived from RGB star samples require a correction before they can be fit by chemical evolution models. We derive simple correction factors for over- and under-represented populations for the limiting cases of single-age populations with a broad range of metallicities and of continuous star formation at constant metallicity; an important general conclusion is that intermediate-age populations (~1-4Gyr) are over-represented in RGB samples. We apply our models to the case of the Large Magellanic Cloud bar and show that the observed metallicity distribution underestimates the true number of metal-poor stars by more than 25%; as a result, the inferred importance of gas flows in chemical evolution models could potentially be overestimated. The age- and metallicity-dependences of RGB lifetimes require careful modelling if they are not to lead to spurious conclusions about the chemical enrichment history of galaxies.