Simulations for 21 cm radiation lensing at EoR redshifts

TL;DR

This paper presents simulations to evaluate the potential of SKA-like radio telescopes in measuring weak gravitational lensing of 21cm radiation from the Epoch of Reionization, demonstrating promising reconstruction capabilities.

Contribution

The work introduces a simulation pipeline for lensing reconstruction of 21cm radiation, accounting for realistic observational effects and enabling future studies with more complex models.

Findings

Phase 1 SKA-Low can produce ~1.6 arcmin resolution images.

Phase 2 SKA-Low can achieve high-fidelity lensing images.

Constraints on the lensing power spectrum are comparable to sample variance.

Abstract

We introduce simulations aimed at assessing how well weak gravitational lensing of 21cm radiation from the Epoch of Reionization ($z \sim 8$) can be measured by an SKA-like radio telescope. A simulation pipeline has been implemented to study the performance of lensing reconstruction techniques. We show how well the lensing signal can be reconstructed using the three-dimensional quadratic lensing estimator in Fourier space assuming different survey strategies. The numerical code introduced in this work is capable of dealing with issues that can not be treated analytically such as the discreteness of visibility measurements and the inclusion of a realistic model for the antennae distribution. This paves the way for future numerical studies implementing more realistic reionization models, foreground subtraction schemes, and testing the performance of lensing estimators that take into account the non-Gaussian distribution of HI after reionization. If multiple frequency channels covering $z \sim 7-11.6$ are combined, Phase 1 of SKA-Low should be able to obtain good quality images of the lensing potential with a total resolution of $\sim 1.6$ arcmin. The SKA-Low Phase 2 should be capable of providing images with high-fidelity even using data from $z\sim 7.7 - 8.3$. We perform tests aimed at evaluating the numerical implementation of the mapping reconstruction. We also discuss the possibility of measuring an accurate lensing power spectrum. Combining data from $z \sim 7-11.6$ using the SKA2-Low telescope model, we find constraints comparable to sample variance in the range $L<1000$, even for survey areas as small as $25\mbox{ deg}^2$.